The process of developing the western United States actually began from the founding, and continue to leap forward in-depth development, from the territory point of view, the development includes the Allegheny Mountains to the Mississippi River from the Old West, and The range of area, equivalent to the original 13 states the United States the total area of 7.5 times.
1787, the U.S. government issued a It provides a quasi-state area to any number of residents more than 6,000 people, to be established, permanent state government, and with the The regulations from the legal protection of life, personal and property safety and freedom of religion, greatly encouraged the migration of millions of people to the west. Also, the Government issued a land policy to encourage people to westward expansion, began a hundred years after the
1793 年 invention of the cotton gin, cotton living provides a broad market. Residents from southern Virginia, South Carolina and North Carolina, starting westward expansion, looking for fertile land to grow cotton. 1800, white settlers from the east over the Mississippi River westward began. A large number of Mormons began the expedition, and in 1848 reached the Pacific coast of California. 1848 news of the discovery of gold in California more so a large number of
19 century is the expansion of the western United States during the crazy territory. In 1803, the United States bought from France in a very low price of 2.15 million km2 area of the In 1836, a small number of legal and illegal migration was still a large number of Mexican territory of Texas announced the establishment of an independent U.S. immigration Republic of Texas. In 1845, the United States an area of 692,000 km2 of Texas appropriation. In 1846, the U.S. threat of war, forced the British signed a treaty with, the northwest border with Canada, designated as 49 degrees north latitude line, which made straight to the Pacific state of Oregon and Washington 725 000 km2 of land. 1846-1848, the United States passed a US-Mexican War, won the latitude 42 degrees south of the 1.357 million km2 land borders the southwest of the United States leading to the Pacific Ocean. In 1853, the United States and from the Mexican government to buy the now the southwestern United States approximately 780,000 km2 of the border strip of land purchased after the Florida and from the hands of Spain (the state joined the Union in 1845.) Therefore, we can say that the history of American West is actually the Americans set up their own in the wilderness of a country's economic history. Among these are the hard working immigrants and create, but also mad scramble among great powers and war, and conquest of territory on the weak and plunder, in particular, should not be forgotten that in all of American colonial history and the original development of the western United States , always accompanied by the original indigenous Indians of the brutal war. Bloody killing and ruthless drive.
from an economic point of view, the effect of American West is very significant. With the gradual development of the western United States, the first dozen states to the northwest into the famous Western prairie became the largest North American continent, Mid-19th century after the discovery of gold in California, the western mining industry has been a rapid development, and development of mining industry and mining technology continues to improve, not only led to the casting, machinery and timber-related industries, but also led to meet the needs of agriculture and animal husbandry miners, and transport development, but also accelerated the pace of urbanization far west.
from the Civil War to World War I, this half century, the United States quickly transition from an agricultural country to an industrial-based countries. In 1860, U.S. industry ranks fourth in the world, but in 1894, the U.S. industry has grown in the world, one important reason is the continuing development of the western. However, the development of western economic modernization and backwardness of the fundamental change from the beginning of World War II. During the war, the U.S. government invested heavily in the West, the founder of a number of military industry and the establishment of many military bases; war These investments, in order to create a large number of job opportunities west, the western region to stimulate population growth and prosperity of the western market. Meanwhile, capital, technology and the introduction of human, resulting in the adjustment of industrial structure of western cities, making the defense industry has become the leading industry in the western and attract a large number of industrial sectors and services related to the rapid development of the western industrial structure is becoming more reasonable and improvement, and gradually formed a comprehensive industrial system independent.
technological revolution since the 60s gave birth to the west of the western high-tech industries and defense industry closely and to further promote the economic development of the western region. By 1980, the U.S. West Coast and Pacific countries and regions, the volume of trade for the first time over the East Coast and the Atlantic trade countries and regions. West Coast pace of economic development and urbanization level far higher than the national average, West Coast U.S. metropolitan area has emerged as a new economic center.
Second, the similarities and differences of development of the western United States
development of the western United States from the profiles of the above we can see development of the western United States, both the similarities, there are more differences .
similarities: (1) are developed from east to west and west of the land area and development potential is enormous, with great enthusiasm needed, and efforts to develop the momentum to succeed. (2) in the development of the former are desolate, the result not only in the western developed completely changed appearance, becoming a prosperous region, but will lead the coordination of various regions of the sustainable development of the national economy,UGG boots cheap, new sources of growth, is a long-term, sustainable development process.
different points: (1) development of the western United States, while also expanding territory, driving the process of indigenous peoples, and development of western China is to eliminate regional differences, promote national unity and consolidate the national unity of the process. (2) development of the western United States in its early, mid-term is a spontaneous process, then the government did provide support and assistance; development of western China, has been the unity of the central government and support the deployment of a conscious action. (3) the development of foundation and conditions are different. First developed on a different basis. Development of the western United States 200 years ago, the west is a sparsely populated piece of virgin land desolate; and the western development of China has a certain basis in the case of expansion. After 50 years of construction, the western has a lot of big cities, big schools, big business and transport links, the stock of material resources and assets are very strong, is currently re-development and development issues in depth. Second, the geographic conditions are different. Most of the coastal western United States, there is a better location advantage; while the inland areas in western China, there is no exit, and there Pamirs, Karakoram mountain mountain barriers, outreach more difficult. Third, natural resources, whether land, climate, mineral resources, biological resources, or the western United States much more superior than China.
Third, the development of the western United States
worth learning a few lessons
1. Proper selection of development priorities
American West industry focus at different times have different choices. For example, in the early American West, the development is a spontaneous activity, the developer is based on local natural and geographical conditions and its own has the production factors and conditions, local conditions, to choose the development industry. The first westward migration across the Appalachian Mountains in the early developers, found in the mountains west of the geographical area around the Great Lakes have a large soft soil, the soil fertile, arable land and sunny climate. So here they grow wheat and corn, making the region into the United States a major producer of wheat and maize. With oil, bituminous coal and high-quality iron ore mineral resources are found in the Great Lakes Plain area on the basis of the success of agricultural development and the development of the mining industry, and thus the construction of the region will become the new U.S. steel industry and automobile industry base.
Another example is the development of the Far West, with the discovery of gold in California in 1848 and sudden rise, from 1849 onwards, in a very short period of time, the mining industry in almost the whole far western states and territories in full swing. Then, also from the construction and agricultural development and food processing industry. Later, to address the deep mining problems, since the development of equipment manufacturing and processing industries. During World War II, the government invested heavily to establish a military industry and other manufacturing. Since then, the rise of Silicon Valley high-tech industry to make California the center of the United States.
should learn from China's western development development of the western United States, according to local conditions and market conditions, natural resources development focus to choose the experience of choice in the west have a comparative advantage in different areas of the industry as a development focus, and start building around this key .
2. Scientific and technological progress
the successful development of the western United States is another important reason is that attached great importance to the role of science and technology. For example: the United States in the western Great Plains, the most important development of the agricultural base, agricultural mechanization and scientific as well as the promotion of scientific farming methods to increase agricultural productivity is the main tool. Before the Civil War in western agricultural areas farmers have on the plow, threshing machines and harvesters and other agricultural machinery were the first continuous improvement, civil war, the harvest increased by 8 times the speed of rolling threshing machine, and the transplanter, cultivator, double-Hua, double spade harrow, planter, and other modern farm machinery in the Midwest and the Far West began widespread use. By 1910, the agricultural machinery and steam power has been the transition from horses to the internal combustion engine; to 30 years, some farms near power plants have begun to use a small room machinery. It is estimated that from 1900 to 1935, the United States applied to various types of farm power increased by 8 times, 4 times increase agricultural productivity. In another example, the early 40s,UGG boots, the U.S. government began to invest in New Mexico's Los Alamos nuclear base in the country, after New Mexico State University active in research also began to form for these two endpoints, River research corridor. Corridor in the center of the academic establishment of Albuquerque's Sandia National Laboratory high-tech research. Active in technology research and development activities to promote the economic development of the center of gravity shifted westward as the U.S. economy, some well-known high-tech companies (such as General Telephone and Electronics Corporation, Unisys Corporation and General Electric Company, etc.) headquarters are located in this area.
Another obvious example is the rise of Silicon Valley high-tech park. Stanford University 30 years started in and around the technology research and development activities, making the city of San Jose, California could become the world-famous Lara County Silicon Valley. The area of information systems, personal computers and peripheral equipment development and production is a world leader in the region, has formed a complete high-tech industrial complex. Today, more than 2,600 in the city lies the high-tech companies, employing 250,000 employees. The development of high-tech industry has led the financial services, real estate, construction and retail boom, making World War II is still an agricultural city of San Jose into a booming high-tech industrial city. In the high-tech industry, led by the California economy from the 60s into the take-off phase, to 1994, only California, a state's GDP reached 8,757 billion U.S. dollars, 50 states in the United States ranks The first (and regions in the world ranked 6th).
American West is worth the experience of developing the western region of China for reference. We can use the original three-line construction, defense industry and Xi'an, Chongqing, Chengdu, Lanzhou and other cities university and research some of the advantages of resources, the establishment of high-tech parks,cheap UGG boots, establish and improve risk investment mechanism to accelerate the development of some high-tech industries, so they become the engine of western development.
3. From the outset the development
attaches great importance to environmental protection in this matter, the United States is to take a detour to. Initially immigrants across the Appalachian Mountains to settle in the Tennessee Valley, where they fell trees pioneering, reclamation farming. Excessive deforestation, destruction of vegetation has been destroyed, causing recurring floods and serious soil erosion, trees and remnants of the fires have been frequent attacks. Man-made disasters and natural disasters led to the Tennessee river basin, the state's per capita income of 7 to 30 early this century, less than half the national average Shihai.
order to change this situation, in May 1935 the U.S. Congress through the Council, the unified command and hydropower projects within the catchment, flood control, soil conservation, afforestation, land fallow, the river purification and navigation, as well as the construction of many types of small industries and other matters. Tennessee Valley Authority was established in the first 10 years, the construction of 21 dams, controlling floods; dredge the rivers,UGG shoes, canals, the development of the shipping industry; planning of the land, so that watershed areas rendering of arable land, and each terrace 400 000 Km2 of the rational distribution; reform tools to help farmers, improve soil fertility, and by planting trees to stop soil erosion, and the development of power industry and local enterprises, so that the barren agricultural areas have begun to take shape in the industrial system . By 1940, watershed region's per capita income increased by 73% in 1933, bank deposits grew by about 76%, retail sales increased by about using%, higher than the national average over the same period the United States. Development in the western Great Plains, also encountered the same problem. Due to excessive cultivation farming combined with the climate anomaly, not the bow in spring 1934, the devastating dust storms, destroyed more than 20 states in central and western plains of the crops, wheat production losses amounted to 35% over the previous year. To reverse this situation, the federal government established the National Resources Defense Force, has hired more than 250 million youth, planted along a meridian 100 degrees wide 160Km, almost aspect of shelterbelts United States to improve the area's natural environment. According to statistics, existing man-made forest, more than half of the National Conservation Corps planted.
China's western development, western United States should not longer follow the kind of sustainable development. Particularly in some parts of western China have been relatively poor natural environment, but also from the tree and grass planting, improve the ecological set, strict prevention of industrial pollution and resource destruction, from the beginning development and protection of the environment, improve ecological combine.
4. Role of the government and policy role in developing the west
(1) formulate liberal land policy
American West at the beginning, in order to deal with land issues in the Western colonization, but also to address the federal Government's financial difficulties, Congress since 1784 have drawn from several land law. The minimum land will be sold gradually reduced 32hm2, $ 3 per hectare, in the process of selling public land, has also taken some credit and deferred payment of preferential policies, and to delay the unpaid period shall be forfeited land. These poor farmers on the land played a role.
1841, Congress passed the This
1862 年 5 Adopted on 20 May of the famous in fact equal to each or free distribution of household settlers settle in the house a piece of land. Passed in 1873 In 1877, it adopted the 1909,
1866, the federal government will extend the policy to sell land mines, the mining industry to promote the development of capitalism.
from 1832 onwards, the federal government for road, canal and railway construction, donated a large amount of land allocated to promote the development of the western transportation.
western United States this is very favorable land policy development in the West played an important role. Some sparsely populated areas in western China and the desert, mountain areas, can also develop a similar
(2) The Government of the development of agriculture education and research to give direct assistance to
the early American West, tillage agriculture is extensive cultivation. During this period, often improved farm machinery and the The United States through the At least one University, the Institute not only to introduce other knowledge, must state the law, teaching agriculture and agricultural knowledge. The total of such Institute to build a 69, known as the famous universities. These institutions operate, the most established service organizations of agricultural subsidiary, responsible for all counties in the state to teach agriculture and agricultural technology, improve agricultural production. The measures to promote scientific agriculture played an important role.
1887, the Congressional legislation for the State University Agricultural Experiment Station in the establishment and development funding. In 1889, the federal government officially established the Department of Agriculture, began the agricultural education and agricultural research system planning guidance. In 1914, Congress passed the State, county agricultural extension system 3, so that scientific farming methods, pest control and the selection of improved varieties of agricultural
directly extended to the field and farmers. Development of Western China's leading science and education should also follow the principle of government to develop education and improve population quality.
(3) government assistance and control of the railway construction of the railway
development of the western United States has played a huge role in promoting and facilitating. From 1830 the first railway built in the United States to 1885, the railway length to 206,500 km. In 1929, the only route length of railways has reached 420,000 km, with yard, marshalling yard and the double-track railway the length of the total length of 691,800 km, the door can circle around the earth. The rise of the railway not only promoted the formation of the U.S. national market, but many in the West gave birth to the
rapid growth of American railroads are many reasons, but the federal government's assistance to the railway because it is one of many factors that can not be ignored. This assistance includes technical assistance and financial assistance in two forms, specific measures such as reconnaissance team sent to assist investigation, design and even construction of lines, construction of the railway land grants (total grants to 80 million hm2) and for mortgage loans and direct investment (It is estimated that the national railway construction investment in the United States about 30% of state and local government investment). Therefore, some economists believe that In addition, the U.S. government has also requested the public to railway construction and operation of the fraud charges in the control of the federal government to intervene in the economy one of the first sector.
general, the development of the western United States is successful, many practices and lessons learned are worthy of reference for the Western Development
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